Printing and the History of Printing Processes

The earliest dated printed book known is Diamond Sutra, printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date. Back then, printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint, and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum. Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders. In 1452,  Johannes Gutenberg--a German blacksmith  craftsman, goldsmith, printer, and inventor--printed copies of the Bible on the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type. It remained the standard until the 20th century.   A Timeline of Printing 618-906:  T’ang Dynasty - The first printing is performed in China, using ink on carved wooden blocks; multiple transfers of an image to paper begins.868:  Diamond Sutra  is printed.1241:  Koreans print books using movable type.1300:  The first use of wooden type in China begins.1309:  Europeans first make  paper. However, the Chinese and Egyptians had started making paper in previous centuries.1338:  The first paper mill opened in France.1390:  The first paper mill opened in Germany.1392:  Foundries that can produce bronze type are opened in Korea.1423:  Block printing is used to print books in Europe.1452:  Metal plates are first used in printing in Europe. Johannes  Gutenberg  begins printing the Bible, which he finishes in 1456.1457:  The first color printing is produced by Fust and Schoeffer.1465:  Drypoint engravings are invented by Germans.1476:  William Caxton begins using a Gutenberg printing press in England.1477:  Intaglio is firs t used for book illustration for Flemish book Il Monte Sancto di Dio.1495:  The first paper mill opened in England.1501:  Italic type is first used.1550:  Wallpaper is introduced in Europe.1605:  The first weekly newspaper is published in Antwerp.1611:  The King James Bible is published.1660:  Mezzotint--a method of engraving on copper or steel by burnishing or scraping away a uniformly roughened surface--is invented in Germany.1691:  The first paper mill is opened in the American colonies.1702:  Multicolored engraving is invented by German Jakob Le Blon. The first English-language daily newspaper--The Daily Courant--is published called.1725:  Stereotyping  is invented by William Ged in Scotland.1800:  Iron printing presses are invented.1819:  The rotary printing press is invented by David Napier.1829:  Embossed printing is invented by  Louis Braille.1841:  The type-composing machine is invented.1844:  Electrotyping is invented.1846:  The cylinder p ress is invented by Richard Hoe; it can print 8,000 sheets per hour.1863:  The rotary web-fed letterpress is invented by William Bullock.1865:  The web offset press can print on both sides of the paper at once.1886:  The linotype composing machine is invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler.1870:  Paper is now mass-manufactured from wood pulp.1878:  Photogravure printing is invented by Karl Klic.1890:  The mimeograph machine is introduced.1891:  Printing presses can now print and fold 90,000 four-page papers per hour. Diazotype--in which photographs are printed on fabric--is invented.1892:  The four-color rotary press is invented.1904:  Offset lithography becomes common, and the first  comic book  is published.1907:  Commercial silk screening is invented.1947:  Phototypesetting  is made practical.59 B.C.:  Acta Diurna, the first newspaper, is published in Rome.1556:  The first monthly newspaper, Notizie Scritte, is published in Venice.1605:  The first printe d newspaper published weekly in Antwerp is called Relation.1631:  The first French newspaper, The Gazette, is published.1645:  Post-och Inrikes Tidningar is published in Sweden and is still being published today, making it the worlds oldest newspaper.1690:  The first newspaper is published in America: Publick Occurrences.1702:  The first English-language daily newspaper is published: The Daily Courant. The Courant was first published as a periodical in 1621.1704:  Considered the world’s first journalist, Daniel Defoe publishes The Review.  1803:  The first newspapers to be published in Australia include The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser.1830:  The number of newspapers published in the United States is 715.1831:  The famous abolitionist newspaper The Liberator is first published by  William Lloyd Garrison.1833:  The New York Sun newspaper costs one cent and is the beginning of the  penny press.1844:  The first newspaper is published in Thailand.1848:  The Brooklyn Freeman newspaper is first published by  Walt Whitman.1850:  P.T. Barnum starts  running newspaper ads for  Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale performances in America.1851:  The United States Post Office starts offering a cheap newspaper rate.1855:  The first newspaper published in Sierra Leone.1856:  The first full-page newspaper ad is published in the New York Ledger. Large type newspaper ads are made popular by photographer  Mathew Brady. Machines now mechanically fold newspapers.1860:  The New York Herald starts the first morgue--a morgue in newspaper terms means an archive.  1864:  William James Carlton of J. Walter Thompson Company begins selling advertising space in newspapers. The J. Walter Thompson Company is the longest-running American advertising agency.1867:  The first double column advertising appears for the department store Lord Taylor.1869:  Newspaper circulation numbers are published by George P. Rowell in the first Rowells American Newspaper Directory.1870:  The number of newspapers published in the United States is 5,091.1871:  The first newspaper published in Japan is the daily Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun.  1873:  The first illustrated daily newspaper, The Daily Graphic, is published in New York.1877:  The first weather report with a map is published in Australia. The Washington Post newspaper first publishes, with a circulation of 10,000 and a cost of 3 cents per paper.1879:  The benday process--a technique for producing shading, texture or tone in line drawings and photographs by overlaying a fine screen or a pattern of dots, which is named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day--improves  newspapers. The first whole-page newspaper ad is placed by American department store Wanamakers.1880:  The first halftone photograph--Shantytown--is published in a newspaper.1885:  Newspapers are delivered daily by train.1887:  The San Francisco Examiner is published.1893 :  The Royal Baking Powder Company becomes the biggest newspaper advertiser in the world.1903:  The first tabloid-style newspaper, The Daily Mirror, is published.1931:  Newspaper funnies now include Plainclothes Tracy, starring Dick Tracy.1933:  A battle develops between the newspaper and  radio  industries. American newspapers try to force the Associated Press to terminate news service to radio stations.1955:  Teletype-setting is used for newspapers.1967:  Newspapers use digital production processes and begin using computers for operations.1971:  The use of offset presses becomes common.1977:  The first public access to archives is offered by Torontos Globe and Mail.2007:  There are now 1,456 daily newspapers in the United States alone, selling 55 million copies a day.2009:  This was the worst year in decades as far as advertising revenues for newspapers. Newspapers begin moving into online versions.2010-present:resent:  Digital printing becomes the new no rm, as commercial printing and publishing fade slightly due to technology.

Environmental Concerns And Climate Change - 1135 Words

Proposed Research Environmental concerns and climate change are influencing and shaping the future of the power industry. As a result, the electricity required to meet the growing demand is mainly generated from renewable energy resources, and this trend is expected to continue in the next decades [1]. Hydro and wind are major renewable energy resources and are free of greenhouse gas emissions [2]. This makes them valuable environmentally sustainable and economic resources for power generation around the world. A hydro-wind hybrid power system is an excellent combination for improved reliability, where the resources abound [3]. In Newfoundland and Labrador, there is enormous potential for hydro and wind renewable energy resources, with†¦show more content†¦This condition imposes unique challenges on the planning and operation of a hydro-wind integrated power system in a reliable manner [8]. Previous studies on wind penetration issues and solutions found that the limiting factors of wind integ ration include penetration level, forecasting reliability, geographic diversity, hydro generation flexibility and control of the overall system [6]. Control is a key enabling factor for the deployment of renewable energy systems [9]. Control techniques such as linear and dynamic programming, genetic algorithms, and neural networks, proposed by past research, for the control and economic dispatch of renewable energy systems, have not been acknowledged to be error free [3]. Two major flaws identified in existing techniques include the lack of ease-of-use, and adaptability to new situations and evolving regulations [3]. These flaws pose major operational challenges to utilities and thus, make control technologies optimization an imperative research endeavor. In 1998, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Policy 1 - Generation Control and Performance Standard (CPS) - was enforced to ensure effective frequency control in interconnected power systems. In this policy, for example, it is required that each balancing authority shall achieve, as a minimum, CPS1 compliance of 100% (a measure of the correlation between a

Entertainment Management Of Death A Comet †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entertainment Management Of Death A Comet. Answer: Introduction Broadcasting ideas published by Discovery Canada are multiple but most interesting concerns Death on A Comet. The show will be showcasing Keplers planet where various mission has gone to explore life. This will interest typical viewer between 18 and 49 years of age. This program will reveal high knowledge and insights regarding various space exploration, to understand if there is presence of life on other planets(1). Through this program viewers will be thrilled with extraordinary experience of viewing space. It will be a story telling effort commissioned with great take-away for viewers. There will be a scientific pitch associated with the program that will be explored through various session. Show Broadcasting Idea Todays children belong to the television age, where they learn and adapt a lot from television shows. Television can inspire and motivate children as well as young adults in a better way. No matter how inspirational school teachers might be, but television shows can fascinate as viewers are more glued to them. Viewers for science shows have increased in the recent past decade with a number of interesting television shows coin up. Television shows have often convinced various people to take up research or go into studying astronomical subjects. Most interesting aspect regarding science television shows are their depiction which is much better compared to actually conducting research. There is a plethora of scientist-turned- broadcaster, who have come into the field and are now showcasing various scientific shows. Talk about various science fiction especially about life outside the Earth as always fascinated humans. Even those without much interest in science watches such shows to und erstand the possibility where humans might step into next. Science television shows are already a huge success and parents of children prefer them watching science shows compared to cartoon. There has been a high preference of parents these days, making their children watch science shows . Watching Keplers planets will be a new show that has never been showcased in channels in the world. It will attract viewers interests to happenings around the universe. The show will just require a voice that will demonstrate various happenings around the space as seen through the telescope(2). This show will be unique in nature as till date no other shows has covered this mission of NASA. The script of this broadcast will be written by science writer, who has adequate knowledge of space and can use various terms. Creative team will just include voice modulator. The show should be 30 minutes broadcast so as to retain interest of its viewers. It will be minimum 20 episodes for the first season that will show various discoveries that are done by Keplers mission. This show will broadcast century old quest for world that are similar to Earth and humanly inhabitable(3). There is intense excitement and popular ineterst around discovering hundreds of planets orbiting various stars in the un iverse. The Keplers mission was specifically designed by team members of NASA for surveying our Milky Way for discovering Earth sized planets that can be habitable. The mission explores diversity and structure of varied planetary systems that are surveyed by shadow they cast while orbiting, their star. Size and masses, shapes and density of planets are examined using telescopic photographs(4). This show is bound to generate immense interests as it analyses data by taking photographs and sending to Earth back as it is an unmanned mission. The scientific motivation behind this mission is so huge that it is bound to create a long list of fan following. Viewers will be thrilled for the very purpose to see if the next episode planet found by Kepler mission has found any existence of life(5). Conclusion This show is bound to create an audience and loyal viewers. The scientific data explored through this show will attract a host of young learners of science and attract their interests to happenings associated outside our solar system. This type of program is new and unique to the entire experience of watching the universe and outer space from the perspective of a telescope. References 1.Batalha NM BWBSBLCDCDJCDDEFFGITGR. Kepler's first rocky planet: Kepler-10b. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011 Feb 7; 729(1).2.Lissauer JJ RDFDSJFEJJSAHMRJQEBN. Architecture and dynamics of Kepler's candidate multiple transiting planet systems. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2011 Oct 13; 197(1).3.Lissauer JJ MGRJBSAEBLCDCWFDFEFF. Almost all of Kepler's multiple-planet candidates are planets. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012 Apr 23; 750(2).4.Rowe JF BSMGLJJHDMFGRIHFEHSBW. Validation of Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. Light curve analysis and announcement of hundreds of new multi-planet systems. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014 Mar 4; 784(1).5.Wolfgang A LE. How rocky are they? The composition distribution of Keplers sub-Neptune planet candidates within 0.15 AU. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015 Jun 17; 806(2).6.Discovery. Producer Guidelines. https://www.discovery.ca/producer-guidelines. Retrieved on 6th February 2018 February .

Situational Factors Essay Example

Situational Factors Paper Bradley Barn 1 . ) What are the salient situational factors? My daughter is allergic to tobacco smoke. The waiter made a big mistake or careless error in seating preference. The business men where in the wrong area (non-smoking). Selecting the restaurant should have been carefully reconsidered because of the allergic reaction to tobacco smoking. 2. ) What is the most appropriate conflict management strategy? The most appropriate conflict management strategy would be to avoid forcing and avoidance because they tend to result in unresolved issues/ problems. Plus, satisfaction is only viewed and/or reached on one side; the other party side is ignored or overlooked. Even though this situation could have easily become a detrimental crisis; the best approach would have been to utilize the problem-solving method. That way both parties reach a collaborative resolution. Both parties find solutions to the cause of the conflict that are satisfactory to both parties rather than to find fault or assign blame (Whetton/Cameron, 2011). The process or steps after the incident happened should have played out like this. The mom asked or summoned for the waiter immediately. Let the hostess know what happen as a result of her error in seating. If she is unable to deal and/or handle the situation properly; then ask for the manager so that he or she can provide assistance in reference to customer service. The manager and mom reach a solution on how to avoid incidents of this caliber in the near future. Avocado Computers Bill is highly impressed by your work ethics and believes you can improve their production facility. Bill is adamant in regards to cleanliness, order, and appearance. mfou are a bit-miffed at the single item of concern (Whetten/Cameron, 2011, page 19). Management needs to maintain a cleaner facility. You dont know how to respond to the cleanliness demerit. 2. ) What is the most appropriate conflict management strategy? In this particular case, a compromise would be the appropriate conflict management strategy. The compromising strategy typically calls for both sides of a conflict to give up elements of their position in order to establi sh an acceptable solution (Dontigney, 2013, page 1). Here, Bill would consider renegotiate her contract or taking the demerit off of her performance appraisal. We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Factors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She in return would implement and/or practice cleanliness on the factory floor. Both parties can agree to disagree on the need for cleanliness but understand why it is important and needed in the state-of-the-art production facility. Each stand to lose something valuable; Bill stands the chance of losing a good employee and she stands the chance of losing a great Job. The key here, is preventing both from reaching a lose-lose situation; both parties will have to make sacrifices in order to reach a common goal or objective. Situational Factors By tparker279 Situational Factors Essay Example Situational Factors Paper Situational Factors influencing the team development.  1.Personal Factors: There are a lot of personal factors influencing a team development. One can have a complete different view to anothers on certain issues and this may result in the team closeness. Similarity in commitments, ability, attitudes and goals are all positively associated with team unity however individual satisfaction is most important factor in the team development. In our case we had lots of clashes may be because of being from different cultures. 2.Size of the team: The size of the team is another factor. Small teams ( 10 or fewer members) will make the team effective. If there are many members then it is difficult fo cooperate and meet regularly as well. Our team consisted of members and that was an ideal size for the project  3.Cultural Factors: Increased awareness about the nature and effects of cultural differences can overcome barriers to adjustment and peak performance within the team. The participants analyze their own cultural profile. The group members in our case were from different cultures but we were aware of their cultures and that is why we didnt had to suffer a lot. We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Factors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 4.Team Factor: Team cooperation is very important. A team cooperation will result in the success of the project of it will be a failure. It includes several factors like location, resources, Task uncertainty, task interdependence. Members need to volunteer to serve the team and in our case everyone volunteered to do so.  5.Objective: Every team needs a clear mission. Determination of the purpose of the organization or division results from the negotiation process between What we want to do and What we have to do. Goals of the team and purpose of the organization or organizational units could also require some adjustment. This was very clear in our case. 6.Rewards/Motivational factors: Although there are rewards when the project is completed, there should be extra reward system to motivate the staff .Formal or informal rewards should satisfy team members needs, i.e. professional growth, esteem, acceptance, safety. Motivational or hygienic factors should also be considered, such as achievement, responsibility, team recognition and working climate. In our case there was a big common reward, certificate which motivated everyone. 7.Structure :It is important to analyze the organizational structure and its impact on group work and team performance. Structure is supposed to solve division of labor problems, not create them. An assessment should be carried out to determine the fit of team members roles within the organizational structure. In our case the work was divided equally to the members at the start of the project. 8.Relationships : The relationship among people, peers or manager- subordinate, between organisational units and tasks performed, and between systems and technology all needs to be good. It is important to explore how these relationships affect team performance. The relationship between our group members was quite good.  9.Location: Location of the team members is another factor in team development. How far are they located, how long does it take them to gather and how often do they meet. These all contribute towards the development of the team and in our case all of us were located on London so it was quite helpful.  10.Leadership Factors: The type of leadership and its effectiveness needs to be examined, which includes leadership within the team and within the organization and leadership styles which contribute to effective or ineffective management practices because leadership affects the team proformance. But in our case this wasnt a problem because we had no leader. .