Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research report - Essay Example The study also found that majority of customers prefer to receive information about the new supplier via post and then by salesperson visit. Presence on the web have has also been selected. It is recommended that information be sent via post and published via web. These customers can then be followed up by salespersons for generating business. We found that 74% of customer have been approached by 0-2 suppliers for their business and 42% of customers have never switch suppliers in the last five years. This means that if the new supplier is able to market the service in accordance to the top 3 desired and top 3 existing attributes, these customer can move over to the new suppliers. 64% of the customer who have switched suppliers over the last five years indicated that they have been approached by a supplier for their business. This indicates that the general trend of the market is to be approached by the new suppliers rather than approaching the supplier with their business. For the analysis, the age of the sample has been broken down into three groups – below 30, 30 to 60 and over 60 years of age. In this sample, we found the majority of respondents between the age of 30 and 60 ( at 42%), closely followed by respondents below the age of 30 ( at 30%) and then respondents over the age of 60 (at 28%). Major of the respondents fall within the income bracket of $50,000 and above (at 64%) compared to respondents with income below $50,000 (at 36%). Considering the income bracket, the sample is unevenly distributed across various respondent profiles. During this analysis, the masses with income lesser than $50,000 are under-represented, so are females. In terms of age, the 30 to 60 age group is dominant, however this is required since this is the age group which would normally be found as a familys decision maker age group. The positive implication of these limitations is that the actual decision making age group is largely represented but the

Repeat Image Evaluation Paper

Repeat Image Evaluation Paper Daniele Balsamo The image repeat is a lateral lumbar spine. The lumbar spine protocol is usually part of a three view, anterior posterior (AP) a lateral and a C5 S1 spot image. For trauma, often is requested one lateral to assure that there is no risk to move the head of the patient. A complete sequence includes also to two obliques (LAO and RAO) to visualize the zygapophyseal joint space. . For a proper lateral spine positioning, the radiographer places the patient either standing or recumbent left lateral. Shoulder and ASIS should be aligned vertically through the midcoronal plane, to assure there is no tilt or rotation, the thoracic and lumbar spine should be aligned parallel to the table, to assure no rotation. A contact shield should be placed on the table lateral to the spine to reduce back scattering. A contact shield should be placed on the gonad area if does not interfere with area of interest. The spine should be aligned parallel to the longitudinal line of the collimation light. Ask the patient to suspend their breathing on expiration. The essential anatomy is, longitudinally T-12 to sacrum, laterally including the soft tissue posteriorly to the spine and all the body of the vertebrae anteriorly. Anatomy best demonstrated is the spinous process, the intervertebral disk space and the vertebral body (McQuillen Martensen, 2015, p. 431). Because different body habitus can affect the position of the lumbar spine, depending of the body fat or muscle in the hip area, a special attention is required in positioning the spine laterally. The leg had to be flexed to reduce the natural curvature of the hip, a sponge or a towel is placed superiorly to the iliac crest to the sagging of the spine due the position on a flat table. The sponge allows to keep the natural curvature and the spine parallel to the image receptor (IR.) Different pathology can affect the lumbar spine imaging. Scoliosis is a curvature of the spine to the left or the right side. Lordosis is an accentuated curvature of the spine toward the anterior aspect. Can be reduced flexing the knee and bringing L5 and sacrum more parallel. Will be visualized in AP projection with the intervertebral disc space look closed. If the patient has a lateral curvature (scoliosis) of the spine, should be placed in a lateral position with the curvature toward the IR to keep the intervertebral disk space as open as possible, the center ray should be going through in the maximum curvature point referencing the AP projection. Spondylolysis is a fracture of the pars interarticularis in the vertebral arch, visualized in the oblique projection and appear as a Scotty dog collar. Spondylolisthesis is the slide forward and down of one vertebral body to another inferiorly. These pathologies could limit the motion range of the patient, but they dont affect the positioning technique. Central ray should be on L3, positioning one inch a half superior to the iliac crest. The area of interest is from the first lumbar spine to the intravertebral space between the fifth lumbar spine and the sacrum. The beam is perpendicular to the IR and the distance from the tube is 43 inch. The system is a DR Siemens system, with a fluoroscopy table, and a wall bucket that uses a rail moved x- ray tube. The exposure indicator is express in EXI, the range is 150 under exposed, 250 optimal exposure, 500 overexposed. The system use two method to evaluate the exposure, the first is the setting of the proper anatomic part and body habitus of the patient. The radiographer sets the anatomic part and the body habitus on the display, the machine uses an automatic programmed technique (APT), that follows predefined anatomic chart sets by the manufacturer. Next the machine then uses the automatic exposure control(AEC) to determine the proper exposure. When a certain amount of remnant x-rays are hitting the ionic chamber in the IR, the exposure is terminated. The AEC gives consistency between exposures if the positioning of the anatomy on the right photo cell is correct. For the AP projection of lumbar spine, the EI is 367, the exposure factors are 75 KVp, 189 mAs, For the left anterior oblique is Exposure Index (EXI) is 290, 77Kvp and 200 mAs. The EXI for the right anterior oblique is 205, with 65 Kvp 98 mAs. The left lateral EXI is 258,near to the optimal 250, the 90Kvp and 75 mAs . The left lateral repeat has an EXI of 260 with a 90 Kvp and 83 mAs . The radiographer can evaluate the image visually using the magnify lens in the image Pac viewer. When the quantum noise, is visible in the image and the anatomic edge are blurry this indicates an underexpose image. For an overexpose image the contrast is high and the image has very minimal shades of gray In the DR Siemens system used for this procedure the image receptor size is a 17 by 17. The collimation is done by using the beam limitation device in the machine. The aperture diaphragm in the tube housing can be manipulated by the radiographer with two controls and the light will resize proportionally to the exposure field. In a standard lateral spine, the collimation should be height wise 17 and lengthwise 8. Appropriate shielding in lateral spine should be considered when is possible use a contact shield over the gonads, without superimposing essential anatomy. There is no requirement of patient preparation for the L-spine x-ray, except for the appropriate clothes, or hospital gown to avoid artifacts. Other patient artifact could be jewelry, belly piercing, or underwear with sparkle or other metallic materials. Other artifact can be generated by patient movement. System artifact can be grid related and software related. Grid related are: grid cut off, when the center ray is not centered on the image receptor and not parallel to the grid, the result is line artifact visualized through all the image. Software related are the use of wrong algorithm and wrong anatomic chart, this create a wrong image compensation and can enhance details in the wrong anatomic part (tissue instead of bones). Sometimes is use intentionally reapply the algorithm on a chest x-ray to better visualize the pic line. Factors that defines the quality of the image are: brightness, contrast, spatial resolution and distortion. Image brightness, in digital radiography (DR), is the amount of exposure of the image receptor that affect the value of light or dark value of the image. This value can be adjusted in digital radiography with window level in the image viewer. Although is limited to the latitude of the image, in DR can be adjusted 50% up for underexposed image and 200% down for overexposed. The display brightness is a hardware quality factor and need to be calibrated to give a consistent image quality output. Contrast in an image is defined by the visual recognition of a change of density in adjacent part in a tissue, defines the edges of the anatomy improving details visibility. Subject contrast is generated by the differential absorption in the body. Is determined by the patient physical properties, such as weight, muscle mass and body habitus. As the contrast goes up the latitudes and the shades of gray are getting lesser. Two adjacent tissue with same density will have poor if none contrast. In the PACS image viewer the contrast is controlled by window width. Spatial resolution (306-309) is a quality of the image receptor and display, is determined by the matrix of pixels, bigger is the matrix better is the resolution. Does affect the image quality because define how small of an anatomic detail can be visualized. Can be affected by motion, patient(voluntary) and organs(involuntary) such as heart beat or peristalsis of GI tract. Focal spot blur is an effect of the shape of the focal spot on the anode. As the OID of the object increase so will the focal spot blur on the cathode side. Distortion shape size, spatial Is affected by OID and SID and positioning of body part, image receptor and tube angle. When the tube, the anatomy and the IR are not aligned properly elongation and distortion can occur. If the anatomic part is not enough near to the IR magnification will occur. There are two main errors that lead to a repeat of the image all related to positioning. First, the center ray should be centered in L3 instead is centered on L2 -L1 , and consequently the inferior side of the sacrum is cut off the field of view. Second, the lumbar spine between L4 and L1 is not parallel to the image receptor and shows the inferior base of the vertebral body, in this case the leg were not flexed enough. Collimation should be more tight 8 longitudinal. That will also decrease backscattering and will give more contrast to the image. Another visible error is the rotation of the spine References Bontrager, K. L., Lampignano, J. P. (2014). Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy. (8th ed.) St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. McQuillen Martensen. (2015). Radiographic Image Analysis. (4th ed.) St. Louis, MO.: Elsevier. [DB1] [DB2]

Freedom of Choice in A Clockwork Orange Essays -- essays research pape

Freedom of Choice In the novel A Clockwork Orange, the author Anthony Burgess tells a story about a young man name Alex and his friends, every night they go around and start committing violent acts. In the novel Alex expresses his freedom of choice between good and evil. The freedom of choice is a decision that every person must make throughout his life in order to guide his actions and to take control of his own future. This Freedom of Choice, no matter what the outcome is, displays person power as an individual, and any efforts to control or influence this choice between good and evil will take way the person free will and enslave him. In this novel the author uses this symbolism through imagery. He shows that through the character of Alex, and the first person narrative point of view to prove that without the ability to choose between good and evil person becomes a slave. In this novel Alex shows his freedom of choice between good and evil, which is that, his superiority over the innocent and the weak. In the beginning of the novel he chooses to be evil, he shows us that by committing violence act like stealing, raping, and also murdering an innocent person which he got arrested for and put into prison for about 12 years. The amount violence he commits shows his abuse of power and his decisions toward evil. The violent acts that are described in this novel are very graphical and are intended to shock the reader but they also show that the suppression of others is wrong, because it is destructive to the natural rights of humans. Alex consistently chooses evil and violence to show his freedom of choice, ?Now I was ready for a bit of twenty-to-one . . . then I cracked this veck" pg 7. Alex beats, rapes, and robs the weak and ... ...lence. This thought is crucial to the reader's understanding of how close the freedom of choice is related to individual power. The demonstration of his free will and his loss of power through the absence of choice is effectively accomplished through the use of first person narration. Throughout this novel, author Anthony Burgess has shown us many aspects of freedom of choice and its abuse. Through strong symbols in imagery, Alex's characterization, and his point of view, the absence of choice is proven as the most overlooked depravation of person individual freedom. In everyone's life, the struggle for power exists in all situations. The decision between good and evil is the freedom that everyone must have as an individual. The choice of which path to take is dependant on the person and the situation, but the realization that both exist is a power unto itself. Freedom of Choice in A Clockwork Orange Essays -- essays research pape Freedom of Choice In the novel A Clockwork Orange, the author Anthony Burgess tells a story about a young man name Alex and his friends, every night they go around and start committing violent acts. In the novel Alex expresses his freedom of choice between good and evil. The freedom of choice is a decision that every person must make throughout his life in order to guide his actions and to take control of his own future. This Freedom of Choice, no matter what the outcome is, displays person power as an individual, and any efforts to control or influence this choice between good and evil will take way the person free will and enslave him. In this novel the author uses this symbolism through imagery. He shows that through the character of Alex, and the first person narrative point of view to prove that without the ability to choose between good and evil person becomes a slave. In this novel Alex shows his freedom of choice between good and evil, which is that, his superiority over the innocent and the weak. In the beginning of the novel he chooses to be evil, he shows us that by committing violence act like stealing, raping, and also murdering an innocent person which he got arrested for and put into prison for about 12 years. The amount violence he commits shows his abuse of power and his decisions toward evil. The violent acts that are described in this novel are very graphical and are intended to shock the reader but they also show that the suppression of others is wrong, because it is destructive to the natural rights of humans. Alex consistently chooses evil and violence to show his freedom of choice, ?Now I was ready for a bit of twenty-to-one . . . then I cracked this veck" pg 7. Alex beats, rapes, and robs the weak and ... ...lence. This thought is crucial to the reader's understanding of how close the freedom of choice is related to individual power. The demonstration of his free will and his loss of power through the absence of choice is effectively accomplished through the use of first person narration. Throughout this novel, author Anthony Burgess has shown us many aspects of freedom of choice and its abuse. Through strong symbols in imagery, Alex's characterization, and his point of view, the absence of choice is proven as the most overlooked depravation of person individual freedom. In everyone's life, the struggle for power exists in all situations. The decision between good and evil is the freedom that everyone must have as an individual. The choice of which path to take is dependant on the person and the situation, but the realization that both exist is a power unto itself.

Who Am I Presentation

The social categories I can identify with are African Americans, European Americans (Whites), and Nigerian Americans. I can identify with African Americans because I am an African American. I can identify with Whites and Nigerian Americans because I have worked very closely with both these racial and ethnic groups. â€Å"The term African American refers to individuals who are residents of the U. S. A. , usually raised here, who are of African ancestry, whereas the term Black is more general and can refer to anyone of African ancestry, including recent immigrant† (Education. byu. edu, 2012). African Americans make up about 14% of the population in the United States (Education. byu. edu, 2012). The ancestors of African Americans were brought to the Americas against their will and enslaved by Whites. They were forcibly taken to Spanish and English colonies in America where they were enslaved and treated as inferiors. For more than two centuries, African Americans suffered from slavery and segregation but continued to have hope (Education. byu. edu, 2012). My ancestors used Religion, mostly Christianity, and Gospel music to help them cope and forget about their suffering for a certain period of time. Believing in God and singing old Negro spiritual songs, gave them hope that one day they would be free and able to live among and be equal to other races. Blacks were forbidden to attend the same schools as whites, use the same restrooms as whites, ride the front of the bus, vote or go anywhere white people were. The struggle for freedom was a very long and difficult one. Once the NAACP was formed in 1909, they aimed to abolish segregation and discrimination against blacks (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History†, 2013). African Americans have come a very long way from slavery days. No one would ave ever believed that the United States of America would one day see a Black President elected for not one, but two terms. Although we have a come a long way, we still have a long way to go. Prejudice and discrimination still exists in the world today. Many people discriminate against Blacks because of the stereotypes that were created about them and the way they are p ortrayed on television in the news. Blacks were most known for being religious, cooking soul food, being athletic and singing. Today, Blacks are known for being criminals and violent, being drug addicts and alcoholics, being poor, uneducated, jobless and unhealthy. Although all of these things exist among all races, it seems that they are more prevalent among Blacks. When Blacks commit crimes, they are plastered all over the news. But when Whites or another race commit a crime, it is kept quiet unless it is a high profile case. For example, when the young eight year old Jewish boy, Leiby Kletzky, from Brooklyn was found in the refrigerator of another Jewish man from their own community, the story was kept under wraps. Before the police discovered the boy’s body it was a high profile case, then all of a sudden when it was found out to be one of their own kind, the story was no longer in the news. I have worked with Nigerian Americans for over eleven years. I must say that my experiences with Nigerian Americans have not always been good. From what I have learned, they seem to be rude, they think they are inferior to Blacks and Hispanics but they fear the Whites. Most of them are Catholic, they eat foods that seem to have a foul odor, and they speak their own language. I found this to be interesting because I became close friends with two Liberian Americans and they seem to be totally different from Nigerian Americans both in their appearances and their behaviors. Liberians seem to be very polite, clean, and pleasant people. They only speak English, although they have a very heavy accent when speaking amongst each other because they speak very fast. Liberian women seem to be smaller in stature and dress very nice in American clothing. Nigerian women are very large with large hands and feet, they appear darker, they wear their African clothing often and they do not care too much about appearance. Most Africans do not consider themselves to be African Americans. They do not consider themselves or their ancestors to be a part of the slavery era (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History†, 2013). I always believed that everyone from Africa was the same until I began working with them. Most of them seem to love spicy food, they eat whole fish with the head still on it, they love rice and they eat some interesting food. Every year, my job has a cultural diversity event where people of all ethnicities and races bring their food for others to experience. I love learning and trying new things, so I find this event to be very informative and helpful in teaching others about different cultures and beliefs. It also allows everyone to get to know others for themselves which makes a healthier work environment. As far as my ancestors being discriminated against, my great (x’s 4) grandmother was raped by a slave master and my father’s mother is mixed with Black And White races. My great (x’s 4) grandmother was beaten and repeatedly raped. This is all the information my grandmother gave me. My grandmother and all her sisters and brothers are very, very light and fair skinned with beautiful hair. I always wondered why and when I asked her she told me the story about her grandmother and her grandmother’s mother being raped during slavery by their White slave masters. References Cultural Groups. (2012). Retrieved from http://Education.byu.edu/diversity/culture.html Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Britannica.com/blackhistory

Examples of successful campaigns produced by big advertising agencies

When it comes to advertising, a small business is more likely to it in house due mainly to the fact that it is very expensive to get an advertising company to do it for you. Where as a small company does not the luxury of having a large advertising budget, they need to do it by the most effective means possible. Three examples of successful campaigns produced by big advertising agencies are: * The Marks & Spencer's â€Å"Magic & Sparkle† Christmas Adverts which were made by a firm called Rainey Kelly Campbell Roalfe. It was run up to and including Christmas Eve. These adverts put M&S back on the map for food and clothing, boosting their sales tremendously. The adverts include many famous celebrities including Twiggy and Shirley Bassey, all who reportedly got paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 and above. * Halifax pioneered an innovative approach to bank adverts in 2000, when it allowed its staff to star in adverts, singing popular songs with the words changed to reflect financial services products. Halifax worker, Howard Brown is the regular star of the adverts. Following the merger with the Bank of Scotland, this practice has continued, with the Bank of Scotland also allowing its staff to take part. These adverts were made by a company called Roberts & Robertson, and it became very successful for them. * Sainsbury's is another company that has done well out of a recent campaign to promote them selves. Sainsbury's did this with their â€Å"Try something new today† campaign. They showed how they are now offering all sorts of new products in store that many people would not have tried or liked, but are now widely available. Their campaign's were organised by a company called Redbus, who did market research and found out what customers want from their food shops. There are many different types of media that companies use to get their message across. These are Television, Radio, Posters and Magazines / Newspapers. Magazines: * More colour pagers to give the viewer a more detailed image * Better Reproduction and quality of the printing * Longer copy deadlines as some are monthly etc. * Few regional editions, different areas will be interested in different things * Diversity of subject matter, there is almost a magazine for any subject matter so you can target the exact audience * Reach specific groups of people either by age or what they are interested in. * Sunday colour supplement, this free magazine is often jam packed with different adverts and promotions * Weekly women's magazines will mean if you have a specific product such as something to do with babies etc you can put it right in their face. * TV Guides often have a lot of space at the back filled with more information about Television programs so products / services can be linked in with this. * Carry adverts for a broad range of products / services * Low cost per thousand, it becomes a lot cheaper when you are making many thousand copies * Business publications given free to company executives * Kept for a reasonable amount of time, as they do not perish and are harder wearing than a newspaper etc. * The amount of magazines that people often browse at when sitting in waiting rooms. * There is no sound or movement. * You have to book and produce a month in advance. * Many have many pages of adverts so that they could get missed. Posters * Must be clear and quick to the point.. * Relatively cheap to produce and make. * Can be seen again and again. * Can be placed near the shop where the product / service is currently on offer. * Posters cabn have large impact due to the size and colour and the boldness of the print. * They are very popular with art directors to get their message across in a different and eye catching way. * They have to be printed and distributed way before the product / service is available so they need to be created and planned months in advance. * Can become damaged and damaged so they need to have a level of looking after. * The message cannot be complex as many people will not stop to read an advert specifically just glimpse at it. * Some people see poster adverts as anti-environment. Radio * It gives the listeners an opportunity to use their imagination. * You can reach listeners whilst they are doing other things such as driving etc. * They can be local, regional or national. * Very popular and worth while during â€Å"drive time† * Radio adverts are quick to produce. * Intensive medium, it will make people think of it, even though they may have been thinking of something completely different. * Listeners for certain radio stations may be low and not worth while. * It is very difficult to advertise food and clothing product by radio as people want a visual representation. * You can buy a package from many of the bigger radio stations for certain â€Å"spots† during the day. Cinema * The visual power of the adverts is very effective with the visual representation and the sound in a cinema. * It is the strongest medium of all as you are going to watch it anyway because you are sitting down waiting for the film to start and as it is on such a large scale straight in front of you. * Campaigns can be local or national as all of the adverts can be edited onto the beginning of films by the cinema itself. * Book / soundtrack commercials are very effective too advertise for the film at the beginning as they are about to watch the film and may be interested. * Audiences often will chat through the adverts. TV * Hundreds of thousands of people watch TV every day so there is an enormous market to show the product / service to. * Vivid colour and sound though a television, giving the viewer a good visual representation of the product / service. * BBC channels do not have advertisements in them so that will cut down the number of viewers. * There are many channels on Sky that are becoming very specific to certain interests etc, so you are able to advertise to the right audience. * Many people either turn over when the adverts come on, or more recently with the creation of Sky+ etc you can simply fast forward them and skip them completely.